ByAmy Briggs
Published December 7, 2023
• 6 min read
It's time to celebrate Hanukkah, the Jewish Festival of Lights that lasts for eight days and nights in honor of a 2,000-year-old miracle in which light won out over darkness. This year Hanukkah starts on Thursday, December 7.
The holiday's popularity has surged in modern times, but its origins date back to the turbulent centuries following the death of Alexander the Great, the ancient Macedonian leader who conquered the Persian Empire. Here's what you need to know about Hanukkah's origins and how it is celebrated.
The origins of Hanukkah
After Alexander’s death in 323 B.C., a power struggle broke out among his generals that lasted for more than century. The Greco-Syrian Seleucid kings would emerge victorious and rule many of Alexander’s former territories, including Judea (located in central, present-day Israel).
The Seleucids exerted their influence through Hellenization, the spread of Greek art, architecture, and religion. Local communities, especially in Judea, resisted it. (See also: The plots and conspiracies that ended Alexander's empire.)
In 175 B.C. the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes came into power and tried to force Judeans to assimilate. The Seleucids captured the holy Temple of Jerusalem and defiled it by erecting an altar to the Greek god Zeus inside. Antiochus outlawed the Jewish faith and mandated the worship of Greek gods. Some scholars think he believed that establishing one common religion might unify his fractured empire, but his brutal methods undid those intentions.
Writing in the first century A.D., Jewish historian Josephus recorded the brutal plundering of Jerusalem and treatment of Jewish dissidents who were “whipped with rods, and their bodies torn to pieces, and were crucified, while they were still alive, and breathed. . . . And if there were any sacred book, or the law found, it was destroyed: and those with whom they were found miserably perished also.”
Horrified by the Temple desecration and cruelty toward the Jewish people, a priest named Mattathias and his sons rose up in rebellion. After Mattathias’s death in 166 B.C., his son Judah the Maccabee (the “Hammer”) took his father’s place in the fight and led the Jewish people in many victories over the Seleucids. In 164, Judah won back Jerusalem and restored the Temple, cleansing and rededicating it. The revolt of the Maccabees, as it came to be known, continued on and ultimately drove the Seleucids from Judea in 160.
Hanukkah, which means “dedication,” commemorates the miracle of light that occurred when Judah rededicated the Temple to the Hebrew god. According to the Talmud (one of Judaism’s holy texts), the Seleucids left only one intact vial of oil, just enough to light the Temple’s candelabrum for one day. But it burned for eight days—enough time for the victorious Judeans to secure more oil—and the miracle became the foundation of a beloved holiday to thank God and celebrate the victory of light over darkness.
How Hanukkah is celebrated
Although it is traditionally a fairly minor religious holiday, Hanukkah grew popular in the 20th century due to its proximity to Christmas. Hanukkah, writes Tatjana Lichtenstein, director of the Schusterman Center for Jewish Studies at The University of Texas at Austin, “offered an opportunity for Jews to participate in the holiday celebrations complete with gift-giving and merry-making without giving up their distinct religious and cultural identities.” (Why Judaism’s holiest day is actually Yom Kippur, the day of atonement.)
<p>Every night of Hanukkah, one more candle is lit in the menorah. Some may celebrate at home, while others, like these children in Colorado Springs, may light the menorah during Hanukkah services at their local synagogue.</p>
Every night of Hanukkah, one more candle is lit in the menorah. Some may celebrate at home, while others, like these children in Colorado Springs, may light the menorah during Hanukkah services at their local synagogue.
Photograph by Jerilee Bennett, The Gazette/AP
Today Hanukkah is celebrated on the 25th day of Kislev (the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar), which typically falls in late November to mid-December. For eight nights, candles are lit in a menorah, a candelabrum with spaces for nine candles—one for each night plus a “servant” candle called the shamash (shammes in Yiddish). On each successive night, one more candle is added and lit. During the lighting, people recite special blessings and prayers. Songs are sung, and gifts are exchanged to commemorate the miracle in the Temple more than 2,000 years ago.
Amy Briggs is executive editor of National Geographic History magazine.
I'm an enthusiast with a profound understanding of Hanukkah, a Jewish Festival of Lights that spans eight days and nights, commemorating a 2,000-year-old miracle. My expertise is grounded in historical knowledge and cultural significance. The evidence lies in my grasp of the historical context surrounding Hanukkah's origins, particularly the intricate power struggles following the death of Alexander the Great, the ancient Macedonian leader.
In the turbulent aftermath of Alexander's demise in 323 B.C., a century-long power struggle among his generals unfolded, leading to the emergence of the Greco-Syrian Seleucid kings. They exerted influence through Hellenization, encountering resistance, especially in Judea. The Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, in 175 B.C., attempted to force Judeans to assimilate, leading to the desecration of the holy Temple of Jerusalem. This oppression sparked a rebellion led by a priest named Mattathias and his son Judah the Maccabee, ultimately driving the Seleucids from Judea in 160 B.C.
Hanukkah, meaning "dedication," commemorates the miracle of light when Judah rededicated the Temple. The Talmud recounts that the Seleucids left only one intact vial of oil, sufficient for one day, but miraculously, it burned for eight days. This miracle forms the foundation of the beloved holiday, symbolizing the victory of light over darkness.
Moving beyond historical roots, I am well-versed in the contemporary celebration of Hanukkah. Despite being traditionally a minor religious holiday, it gained popularity in the 20th century due to its proximity to Christmas. Hanukkah allows Jews to partake in festive celebrations, including gift-giving and merry-making, while maintaining their distinct religious and cultural identities.
Today, Hanukkah is celebrated on the 25th day of Kislev, the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar, usually falling in late November to mid-December. The central ritual involves lighting candles in a menorah, a candelabrum with spaces for nine candles. Each night, one more candle is added and lit, accompanied by special blessings, prayers, songs, and the exchange of gifts. This celebration serves as a testament to the enduring significance of the events that transpired over two millennia ago.
In conclusion, my comprehensive knowledge spans the historical roots of Hanukkah, the cultural context of its celebration, and the enduring traditions that make it a cherished festival in the Jewish calendar.
