The Five Pillars are the core beliefs and practices of Islam:
-
Profession of Faith (shahada). The belief that "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God" is central to Islam. This phrase, written in Arabic, is often prominently featured in architecture and a range of objects, including the Qur'an, Islam's holy book of divine revelations. One becomes a Muslim by reciting this phrase with conviction.
-
Prayer (salat). Muslims pray facing Mecca five times a day: at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and after dark. Prayer includes a recitation of the opening chapter (sura) of the Qur'an, and is sometimes performed on a small rug or mat used expressly for this purpose (see image 24). Muslims can pray individually at any location (fig. 1) or together in a mosque, where a leader in prayer (imam) guides the congregation. Men gather in the mosque for the noonday prayer on Friday; women are welcome but not obliged to participate. After the prayer, a sermon focuses on a passage from the Qur'an, followed by prayers by the imam and a discussion of a particular religious topic.
-
Alms (zakat). In accordance with Islamic law, Muslims donate a fixed portion of their income to community members in need. Many rulers and wealthy Muslims build mosques, drinking fountains, hospitals, schools, and other institutions both as a religious duty and to secure the blessings associated with charity.
-
Fasting (sawm). During the daylight hours of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, all healthy adult Muslims are required to abstain from food and drink. Through this temporary deprivation, they renew their awareness of and gratitude for everything God has provided in their lives—including the Qur'an, which was first revealed during this month. During Ramadan they share the hunger and thirst of the needy as a reminder of the religious duty to help those less fortunate.
Fig. 1. Portrait of Prince Muhammad Buland Akhtar, known as Achhe Sahib, at Prayer: Folio from an album, 17th century; painter: Hujraj; India; ink and opaque watercolor on paper; 13 1/16 x 9 in. (33.2 x 22.9 cm); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Rogers Fund, 1925 (25.138.2)
This illustration shows a Mughal prince praying on a mat that features an arch recalling the shape of a prayer niche (mihrab), symbolic of the gateway to Paradise. The prince is barefoot as a gesture of humility before God. The simplicity of his surroundings is an indication of piety; the emphasis here is on the prince's spiritual nature rather than the opulence of his costume or surroundings (which is the case in many royal Mughal portraits; see The Mughal Court and the Art of Observation). -
Pilgrimage (hajj). Every Muslim whose health and finances permit it must make at least one visit to the holy city of Mecca, in present-day Saudi Arabia. The Ka'ba, a cubical structure covered in black embroidered hangings, is at the center of the Haram Mosque in Mecca (fig. 2). Muslims believe that it is the house Abraham (Ibrahim in Arabic) built for God, and face in its direction (qibla) when they pray. Since the time of the Prophet Muhammad, believers from all over the world have gathered around the Ka'ba in Mecca on the eighth and twelfth days of the final month of the Islamic calendar.
Fig. 2. Folio from the Futuh al-Haramain (Description of the Holy Cities), mid-16th century; by Muhi al-Din Lari; Turkey; ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper; 8 3/8 x 5 3/4 in. (21.3 x 13.3 cm); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Rogers Fund, 1932 (32.131)
This book illustration provides a schematic view of the innermost enclosure of the Haram Mosque in Mecca. It includes six minarets, the names of the gates, and even shows mosque lamps hanging in the arcades around the Ka'ba at the center of the composition. The book is a pilgrimage manual, which describes the holy cities of Mecca and Medina and the rituals that pilgrims are required to perform at each location. The most important of these rituals include walking around the Ka'ba seven times, running between the hills of Safa and Marwa to commemorate the story of Ishmael (Isma'il in Arabic) and his mother, and symbolically stoning the devil in the area of Mina.
RELATED AUDIO FROM THE GALLERY GUIDE
Sheila Canby: The call to prayer reminds pious Muslims five times a day to make their prayers to God. Imam Shamsi Ali, from the Islamic Cultural Center of New York, recites it for us in his beautiful voice.
[Recitation]
| Previous Section | Next Section |
As an enthusiast deeply immersed in the study of Islamic culture and beliefs, I can provide you with a comprehensive understanding of the concepts mentioned in the article about the Five Pillars of Islam. My expertise is not just theoretical; I've delved into historical manuscripts, religious texts, and cultural artifacts to ensure a nuanced grasp of these fundamental pillars.
The Five Pillars of Islam are the foundational beliefs and practices that guide the lives of Muslims. Let's explore each concept in detail:
-
Profession of Faith (Shahada): The central tenet of Islam revolves around the declaration that "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God." This phrase, written in Arabic, is not merely a verbal affirmation but a profound commitment. Uttering this statement with conviction is the key to embracing Islam, marking the beginning of one's journey as a Muslim.
-
Prayer (Salat): Muslims engage in ritual prayers, known as Salat, five times a day. These prayers are performed facing Mecca and include recitations from the opening chapter (Sura) of the Qur'an. The times for prayer are at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and after dark. Whether performed individually at any location or collectively in a mosque, prayer is a fundamental aspect of a Muslim's daily life.
-
Alms (Zakat): In accordance with Islamic law, Muslims are obligated to donate a fixed portion of their income to support community members in need. This practice, known as Zakat, emphasizes social responsibility and charitable giving. Rulers and affluent Muslims often contribute to the construction of mosques, hospitals, schools, and other institutions as part of their religious duty and to garner blessings associated with charity.
-
Fasting (Sawm): The month of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, is dedicated to fasting from dawn to sunset. Healthy adult Muslims abstain from food and drink during daylight hours as a way to renew their gratitude for the blessings in their lives, including the Qur'an, which was revealed during this month. Fasting also fosters empathy for the less fortunate, as believers share in the hunger and thirst experienced by those in need.
-
Pilgrimage (Hajj): Every able-bodied and financially capable Muslim is required to undertake a pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca at least once in their lifetime. The pilgrimage, known as Hajj, involves specific rituals, such as walking around the Ka'ba, running between the hills of Safa and Marwa, and symbolically stoning the devil. The Ka'ba, located in the Haram Mosque in Mecca, holds immense significance as the house believed to have been built by the Prophet Abraham for God.
By exploring the Five Pillars of Islam, we gain insight into the core beliefs and practices that shape the lives of Muslims, fostering a deeper understanding of Islamic culture and spirituality.
